Niraj Tutorials

When you login a windows computer system, you will get dozens of applications, so you can choose any option of you requirements. The desktop contains many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen. Examples: Start menu Icons Taskbar Notification Viewable toolbar Start menu It provides access to windows programs, documents, and information in the system. The following list down the options that appear after clicking on the start menu. Options Descriptions All programs All programs option displays all those programs, which are installed in your system. Log off It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the screen. Sleep It makes the system non-functional.

The period of the fifth generation of computers are from 1980-till date. In this generation, use the VLSI technology become ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology. These generation are based on parallel processing hardware and AL ( Artificial Intelligence) software, AL (Artificial Intelligence) includes neural networks, robotics, game playing, natural language understanding and generation. Characteristics of fifth generation Use of ULSI technology Use of optical fiber in circuits Development of natural language processing Microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components Multi-processor based system This generation computers are from the future These generation computers are in use of everyday work Some computers of fifth generation are following: Desktop Laptop Notebook Ultrabook Chromebook

The period of the fourth generation of computer was from 1971-1980. In this generation used LSI and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuits. VLSI circuits having at list 5000 transistors and other circuits elements. The microprocessor was used in fourth generation computers. Fourth generation computers were small in size, reliable, compact and more powerful. In this generation were used real time networks, time sharing and distributed operating system. All the high level programming languages like C, C++, DBASE, etc., were developed in fourth generation computer. Characteristics of fourth generation Microprocessor based system that use VLSI circuits Very small in size Less power consumption Faster, reliable and cost-effective Use of VLSI (Very large Scale Integration No AC required Some computers of fourth generation are following: PDP 11 DEC 10 STA

The period of the third generation was from 1965-1971. In this generation was used of IC (Integrated Circuits). IC reduced the price, size , use of electricity, etc. Third generation computers were used Keyboard, Mouse, and also used the operation system to improved a new level and high speed. Characteristics of the third generation computer Use of IC (Integrated Circuits) instead of transistors Use of magnetic storage device Use of mini-computers Use of monitor, keyboard, and line printers Use high-level programming languages Less expensive maintenance cost Less expensive than second generation Improved faster operations and more dependable Small size than second generation computer Some computers of third generation IBM 360 series IBM 370 IBM 168 TDC 316 Honeywell 6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor)

The period of the second generation was from 1955-1965. The transistors were invented in 1947, which was used in second generation computers. By using transistors computer was becoming less expensive, more relieve, less power consume than generation computer. In this generation was used as assembly language and high-level programming languages such as COBOL and Fortran and used batch processing. Characteristics of the second generation computer Use of the transistors Faster than the first generation computer High speed input/output devices Reduced size Magnetic memory and magnetic storage disk Use of high-level programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL Solution to heat generation Improvement of speed and reliability Communication by using telephone line Some computers of second generation IBM 1400 IBM 1620 IBM 7094 series UNIVAC 1108

The period of the first generation was from 1946-1955. In this generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for central processing unit (CPU). ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Computer) was first electronic computer developed in 1946 by Mauchley and Eckert in USA. This computer used high speed vacuum tube to process data, in this generation used machine code as a programming language. This machine was 30×18 feet long and weight 30 ton and cost $4 lakh dollar. Characteristics of the first generation computer Use of magnetic drums Use of vacuum tubes to make circuits Use of machine languages and symbols in instructions Use of punch cards as input/output devices Use of high electricity Very small reliable output Complex and expensive to maintain Huge in size and poor mobility Some computers of first generation ENIAC

The language translator is a program that converts programming languages into another programming language. Language translator is also called language processor. A program written in any high-level programming languages is known as the source code, to convert the source code into machine code is known as object code. There are three types of language translator. Assembler Compiler Interpreter Assembler An assembler is a program written in machine level language whose function to translate the assembly language code into machine language code. It is a low level programming language where we place of machine codes. Advantage Assembler is very fast translating assembly language to machine code as one by one relationship. Efficiency in execution just like machine level language. Disadvantage Assembly language is difficul

The communication between two parties they are machine or human always needs a common language. The language use to communicate between computer and human is known as programming language. There are three types of programming language. Machine Language Assembly Language High-level Language Machine Language In which instruction are written in binary code using 1 and 0 is only one language. The computer can execute directly. The binary code is known as the machine language. A machine can understand this language. It is not translator of this languages, no need to translate this languages. It is hard to use. It is defined by hardware design. It is also called the first generation of language. Assembly Language In which instruction are written using various symbols and structures. There are some sym