Niraj Tutorials

When you login a windows computer system, you will get dozens of applications, so you can choose any option of you requirements. The desktop contains many of the options have shortcut icon readily available on your computer screen. Examples: Start menu Icons Taskbar Notification Viewable toolbar Start menu It provides access to windows programs, documents, and information in the system. The following list down the options that appear after clicking on the start menu. Options Descriptions All programs All programs option displays all those programs, which are installed in your system. Log off It helps a user to log off the currently logged in user of the screen. Sleep It makes the system non-functional.

The period of the fifth generation of computers are from 1980-till date. In this generation, use the VLSI technology become ULSI (Ultra Large Scale Integration) technology. These generation are based on parallel processing hardware and AL ( Artificial Intelligence) software, AL (Artificial Intelligence) includes neural networks, robotics, game playing, natural language understanding and generation. Characteristics of fifth generation Use of ULSI technology Use of optical fiber in circuits Development of natural language processing Microprocessor chips having ten million electronic components Multi-processor based system This generation computers are from the future These generation computers are in use of everyday work Some computers of fifth generation are following: Desktop Laptop Notebook Ultrabook Chromebook

The period of the fourth generation of computer was from 1971-1980. In this generation used LSI and VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) circuits. VLSI circuits having at list 5000 transistors and other circuits elements. The microprocessor was used in fourth generation computers. Fourth generation computers were small in size, reliable, compact and more powerful. In this generation were used real time networks, time sharing and distributed operating system. All the high level programming languages like C, C++, DBASE, etc., were developed in fourth generation computer. Characteristics of fourth generation Microprocessor based system that use VLSI circuits Very small in size Less power consumption Faster, reliable and cost-effective Use of VLSI (Very large Scale Integration No AC required Some computers of fourth generation are following: PDP 11 DEC 10 STA

The period of the third generation was from 1965-1971. In this generation was used of IC (Integrated Circuits). IC reduced the price, size , use of electricity, etc. Third generation computers were used Keyboard, Mouse, and also used the operation system to improved a new level and high speed. Characteristics of the third generation computer Use of IC (Integrated Circuits) instead of transistors Use of magnetic storage device Use of mini-computers Use of monitor, keyboard, and line printers Use high-level programming languages Less expensive maintenance cost Less expensive than second generation Improved faster operations and more dependable Small size than second generation computer Some computers of third generation IBM 360 series IBM 370 IBM 168 TDC 316 Honeywell 6000 series PDP (Personal Data Processor)

The period of the second generation was from 1955-1965. The transistors were invented in 1947, which was used in second generation computers. By using transistors computer was becoming less expensive, more relieve, less power consume than generation computer. In this generation was used as assembly language and high-level programming languages such as COBOL and Fortran and used batch processing. Characteristics of the second generation computer Use of the transistors Faster than the first generation computer High speed input/output devices Reduced size Magnetic memory and magnetic storage disk Use of high-level programming languages such as Fortran and COBOL Solution to heat generation Improvement of speed and reliability Communication by using telephone line Some computers of second generation IBM 1400 IBM 1620 IBM 7094 series UNIVAC 1108

The period of the first generation was from 1946-1955. In this generation used vacuum tubes as the basic components for memory and circuitry for central processing unit (CPU). ENIAC (Electrical Numerical Integrator And Computer) was first electronic computer developed in 1946 by Mauchley and Eckert in USA. This computer used high speed vacuum tube to process data, in this generation used machine code as a programming language. This machine was 30×18 feet long and weight 30 ton and cost $4 lakh dollar. Characteristics of the first generation computer Use of magnetic drums Use of vacuum tubes to make circuits Use of machine languages and symbols in instructions Use of punch cards as input/output devices Use of high electricity Very small reliable output Complex and expensive to maintain Huge in size and poor mobility Some computers of first generation ENIAC

The language translator is a program that converts programming languages into another programming language. Language translator is also called language processor. A program written in any high-level programming languages is known as the source code, to convert the source code into machine code is known as object code. There are three types of language translator. Assembler Compiler Interpreter Assembler An assembler is a program written in machine level language whose function to translate the assembly language code into machine language code. It is a low level programming language where we place of machine codes. Advantage Assembler is very fast translating assembly language to machine code as one by one relationship. Efficiency in execution just like machine level language. Disadvantage Assembly language is difficul

The communication between two parties they are machine or human always needs a common language. The language use to communicate between computer and human is known as programming language. There are three types of programming language. Machine Language Assembly Language High-level Language Machine Language In which instruction are written in binary code using 1 and 0 is only one language. The computer can execute directly. The binary code is known as the machine language. A machine can understand this language. It is not translator of this languages, no need to translate this languages. It is hard to use. It is defined by hardware design. It is also called the first generation of language. Assembly Language In which instruction are written using various symbols and structures. There are some sym

Based on size of the computer On the basis of hardware structure the first computer different types of computers are offering different services, processing power and storage capacity. There are four basic types of computers are as follows: Micro Computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super Computer Micro Computer A micro computer is a computer whose all components are on a single integrated circuit CPU. Micro computer is single user single tasking operating system, widely used & the fastest growing computers. It is specially designed for general usage like education training, entertainment, and work purposes. An Apple, Dell, HP, Samsung, Sony, Asus, and Toshiba are the well known manufacturers of Micro-computer. There are mainly used in office, home, school, store, etc. Mini Computer

Based on types of computer There are three basic kinds of computer. It is based on the hardware structure and the way of physical quantities. Digital Computer Analog Computer Hybrid Computer Digital Computer The digital computer is a digital system that performs different computational tasks. The world digital implies that the data in the computer is represented by variable that take a limited number of discrete values. This values are processed internally by components which will maintain a limited number of discrete states. Digital computer that accepts and process data has been converted into the binary numbers system, which has two digits: 0 and 1. A binary digit is called a bit. Analog Computer Analog computer used to process data the name is analog data. Analog data is

Computer Virus It is a type of the computer programs that, when executed, replicates itself by modifying other computer programs and inserting it own code. When this replication succeeds, the affected areas are than said to be infected with the computer virus. It is a malicious programs that self-replicates by coping itself to a different programs. In other words, the computer virus spreads by itself into other documents or executable code. The aim of creating a computer virus is to infect gain admin, vulnerable systems and steal user sensitive data. The hackers design computer virus with take advantage of online users and malicious intent by tricking them. The term computer virus was first formally defined by Fred Cohen in 1983. This virus never occur naturally. These are always induced by people. Once created, however, their diffusion is not directly

The operating systems usually come pre-loaded on any computer you purchase. Most of the people use the OS that come with their computer, but it is possible to upgrade or may be change the operating system. There are the three most common operating system for personal computer. Microsoft Windows macOS Linux The modern operating systems use GUI. The graphics user interface (GUI) allows you to use your mouse to click icons, menus, buttons, and everything is clearly displayed on the screen using a combination of texts and graphics. Each operating system's GUI has a different design and feel, and the modern operating systems are designed to be easy to use, and most of the essential principles are the same. Microsoft Windows The company of Microsoft created the Windows Operating System in the

The Kernel is the center component of a computer OS. The main activities (job) performed by the kernel is to manage the hardware and the communication between the software. A kernel is at the core os a computer. It makes the communication between the software and hardware possible, which the kernel is the inner most part of an operating system, a shell's outer most one. Feature of Kernel Process synchronization Inter-process communication Context switching Low-level scheduling of processes In the Operating System performs every of the function : File Management The file management manages all the file related to activities like organization storage, naming, retrieval, sharing and protection of files. Memory Management This module performs the allocation and de-allocation of memory space to

Batch operating system Multi-tasking/ Time sharing OS Multiprocessor operating system Distributed operating system Real Time operating system Mobile operating system Network operating system Batch Operating System Some computer processes are time-consuming and very lengthy. To speed a similar process, a job with a similar short of requirement are batch together and run as a group. The users of a batch operating system never directly associates with the computer. In this type of operating system, each user prepares his/ her job on an offline devices like a punch card and submits it to the computer administrator. Multi-tasking/ Time Sharing Operating System The multitasking operating system allows people located at a different terminal (shell) to use a single computer system at the same time. The

An operating system is a lot of computer program that manage the hardware and software resources of a computer. It rationally process electronic devices in response to approved commands. The operating system performs basic tasks such as controlling input and output devices, controlling and allocating memory, facilitating networking, prioritizing system and managing file system. The most operating system have a order line interpreter as a general user interface, but it can also provide a GUI (Graphical User Interface) for ease of activity. An operating system forms a platform for other application software and system software. Some examples of operating system are Windows 10, Windows 8, Windows 7, DOS (Disk Operating System), Linux, UNIX, etc. It is a powerful and computer-like devices require operating systems including your desktop, laptop

Application software is procedures intended and basically programs to perform specific task on a system. From the most reduced level lowest level assembly language to the high level languages, there are different types of application software. It includes programs that do accomplish genuine work for users. Examples of application package word processer , spreadsheet, presentation, database management system, writing and editing software falls under this category. There are various different types of application software, such as freeware, sold, shareware, licensed and open source. There are different types of application software are following : Application Software Type Examples Word processing Software MS Word, Notepad, WordPad Spreadsheet Software

The system software is a collections of programs designed to work, control and extend the preparing capacities of the computer itself. It includes operating system that enable the computer to function. System software of the most important programs that run on to a computer. Every generation computer must have a system software. It performs basic task such as input to the display screen, store files and folders on the disk. This services as the interface between the hardware and end users. These are some examples of system software such as Operating System, Interpreter, Assemblers, Compilers, etc. There are a list of the most prominent feature of a system software. Small in size Less interactive Fast in speed Close to the system Difficult to manipulate Difficult to understand Difficult to design Generally written in low-level langua

Computer software represents the physical set of programs that govern the operation of a computer system and make the physical components of the system (hardware). This includes applications software as like a word processer, which allows a user to perform a task and operating system, which allows other software to run property, by interfacing with hardware and other software. It was first used in this sense by John W.Tukey in 1957. Computer software is all computer programs, it has to be loaded into the storage of computer such as RAM, Memory or Hard drive. The idea of reading different sequences of instructions into memories of a device to memories of device to control computations was developed by Charles Babbage as a feature of his different engine. The theory that is the reason of most current software was first proposed by Alan Turing in his 19

The firmware is a kind of software that is encoded in hardware like ROM. It can be also run without extra instructions from the operating system. BIOS (Basic Input/ Output System) is the one of the best example of firmware in a computer system. They are burned into a flash memory chip available on the motherboard. BIOS chip is the second most important chip in the computer system after the CPU and this chip contains the BIOS framework programming that boats the framework and start the memory and hard-disk drive to permit the operating system to start. This chip can be recognized as it have on it the name of producer and generally the word BIOS as shown in the figure underneath with the maker name AMI. Power connectors The motherboard require power for working and it has a unique 24-pins square connector that allows the motherboard to be associated with

Computer hardware is a collection of physical parts and sensible components of a computer system that can be seen and touch. As like - Monitor, Keyboard, CPU and Mouse. It is also includes all the parts inside the computer case, such as the motherboard, hard-disk drive, video card, sound card and many other. A typically PC (Personal Computer) consist of a case in desktop or tower shape and the following parts: Motherboard The motherboard is a printed circuit board of a computer that is the biggest board in a computer chassis. It permits communication and allocates power to and between the Ram, CPU, HDD, and all other computer hardware components. A motherboard is designed to work with specific type of memory and processor, so it is not capable of work with every type of memory and processor. The first motherboard is

Non-impact printers print the characters don't use the ribbon. These printers do not have direct contact with the print medium falls under this category and print a complete page at a time, thus it is also called as Page Printers. Characteristics of the Non-Impact Printer. It is is faster than impact printer. They are not noisy. It supports many fonts and different characters size. High quality There are two types of non-impact printer. Inkjet Printers Laser Printers Inkjet Printer Inkjet printers are non-impact character printers, based on a new technology, This printer print characters by spraying small drops of ink onto paper. It is one of the most common types of printer used in both domestic settings and professional. It can print 30 pages per minutes. Inkjet printing technology was

Printer is an output device. It is a hardware output devices that produces text or graphics output on a paper. It accepts input command by users on a computer and laptop, print the documents on other devices. There are two types of printer :- Impact Printers Non-Impact Printers Impact Printer Those printers have direct mechanical contact with the print medium usually paper to create an images. Characteristics of Impact Printer are the following: Very noisy Very low consumable costs Useful for bulk printing due to low costs There are physical contact with the paper to produce an image. There are three types of impact printer. Daisywheel Printers Dot Matrix Printers Line Printers Daisywheel Printers

There are two kinds of monitor which is used for viewing screen. Cathode-Ray Tube Flat-Panel Display Cathode-Ray Tube The CRT (Cathode-Ray Tube) display is made up of small picture elements called pixels. The smaller the pixels are the better image clarity or resolution. It takes at least one illuminated pixel to form a whole character. The most screens are capable of displaying 25 lines vertically and 80 characters of data horizontally. There are some disadvantage of Cathode-Ray Tube. Large in size High power consumption Flat-Panel Display Monitor The flat-panel display refers to a class of video devices that has reduce power, volume and weight requirement of comparison to the CRT. You can hang them on walls. Current uses of flat-panel displays include

Computer display is also called a display screen or VDT ( Video Display Terminal). A monitor screen used to display the output. Images are re-presented on monitor by Dodd called pixel. Monochrome Monitor CGA (Colour Graphics Array) EGA (Enhanced Graphics Array) VGA (Video Graphics Array) SVGA (Super Video Graphics Array) Monochrome Monitor Computer display is as the name these type of monitors have single for ground colour but it offers various attributes. It was introduced by IBM (International Business Machine) in 1962. CGA (Color Graphics Array) It introduce by IBM (International Business Machine) in 1982. It has a low resolution screen it supports four colour. EGA (Enhanced Graphics Array) EGA is a video display standard that has a resolution of 640×350 pixel and it support

The processing data in the computer in the form of electrical signals. It has to be converted information in to human understandable symbols is done by output devices. It can be audio, video, tactile and graphics. Some output devices are given below : (i) Monitor  (ii) Printer (iii) Headphones  (iv) speaker  (v) Projector (vi) Sound card (vii) Video Card .. Speaker Speaker is an output hardware device which can be use to listen a sound. The signal used to deliver the sound that originates from a PC speaker is made by the PC's sound card. The first inside PC speaker was invented by IBM in 1981 and created basic, low quality sound. Headphone Headphone is a output hardware device that can be plugged into a laptop, smartphone, computer and other devices to privately listen to audio or watch a movie wit

The barcode reader are used to identify a particular product written bar or strips over that product . The examples are labelling goods, numbering the books, package, .. etc. A barcode reader is an optical scanner that can read decodes the data contained and printed barcodes. There are different types of barcode are the universal product code (UPC), QR code, Aztec code, Code128, Codebar, EAN-8, ......etc. The universal product code consist of nine or more digit computer readable code that are use to labelling the written products. Digital Camera A digital cameras are integrated with a wide rang of mobile phones, digital devices and ranging from PDA (Personal Digital Assistant) to the Hubble and WST (Web Space Telescopes). It is use to input any capture image in to your storage medium and computer. A digital camera uses a

MICR (Magnetic Ink Character Reader) is a character recognition system. It is an input device. These devices are mainly used in banking, industry to read the bank's code number and cheques number. An MICR can identify character printed on the cheques with a special type of ink that contents particles of magnetic material, it passes through a machine and than translates the magnetic information into characters. An MICR provides a secure, high-speed method of scanning and processing data and information. Card Reader A card reader is a data input device. It is use to transfer data from a card-shaped storage medium to computer. A memory card reader is a input device used for communication with a memory card or a smart card. A magnetic card reader is a device. These device uses to read magnetic stripe card, such as debit cards and credit

1.Stick; 2.Base; 3.Trigger; 4.Extra Buttons; 5.Autofire Switch; 6.Throttle; 7.Hat Switch; 8.Suction Cup A joystick is an input device consisting of a stick that mainly used with computer games & some times called a game controller. Joystick typically connect to your computer using a basic USB connection and often come with software that allows you to assign the function of each button. Joystick have stick that can be rotated the left and right or up and down required to move the cursor. Joystick are also used for controlling machines such as underwater unmanned vehicles, trucks, cranes and zero turning radius lawn mowers. OCR (Optical Character Recognition) As OCR stands for Optical Character Recognition, it is a widespread technology to recognize text inside images, such as scanned photos and documents. These technology is used to convert

Mouse Mouse is a device that controls the movement of curser or pointer on a display screen.       A mouse is a small object, you can scroll along hard flat surface . It's name is derived from its shape. The mouse is important for graphical user can simply point to option click a mouse bottom. Scanner The keyboard can input only text thought keys provided in it. If we want to input a picture the keyboard cannot help us. Scanner is an optical device that can input any graphics chart or picture get it. Light Pen Light pen is a input device that is used hand in hand with the computer monitor it is called a light pen because its action is activated by light. It is important note cannot work with LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) screen, only work with traditional monitor CRT (Cathode Ray Tube).